Sunday, November 9, 2008

Wednesday, October 22, 2008

The kalachakra tantrashi 时轮金刚坛城

http://pic1.netsh.com/bbs/822990/html/table_16907222.html
西藏文化谈(十):时轮大法(KalachakraTantra)七级低层灌顶
  
什么是灌顶仪式(Abhisheka)?灌顶仪式的目的,是将能量和思想从大喇嘛传到弟子身上。上师和弟子之间的关系是绝对的等级关系。而上师当年也曾是弟子,也有自己的上师,这条家谱线可以一直追溯到历史上的“佛祖”。上师和弟子之间的传授通常是由嘴对耳,但语言不是唯一的传授方法,通过手势和图形象征同样可以进行。这两种传授方法(用嘴的和无言的)还都是人对人的传授。所谓的“佛祖亲授”则是由“神灵”直接对弟子传授,没有上师。还有一种“女魔传授”即由女飞天(Dakini)指点给弟子经文秘藏之处(通常在荒野山洞里),这种秘经(Terma)据称是古时“先知”或“神灵”所埋藏的。正统的喇嘛对这种非人对人的传授非常讨厌,因为这使他们的传授特权受到损坏。当然这种非人对人的传授,一般人也无可能采用,只有像五世达赖这样的才有资格宣称获得传授。《时轮经》的灌顶仪式是按照印度的国王登基仪式(Rajasuya)设计的;通过Rajasuya登基仪式,使王储得到国王的权威。同样的,通过灌顶仪式,喇嘛教的修练者以得到成为“神”的光芒而出现权力。当然这里施行灌顶的大喇嘛(上师)不是作为一个“人”来行仪式的,而是作为一个超人、一个“神”来将他的能量传给弟子。这一点是弟子永远也不应忘记的,将师父看做“*”是他的责任。为了加深他的意念,按照《时轮经》的规定,弟子在灌顶仪式期间要读一份几百页长的礼拜文,日三遍、夜三遍。礼拜文之目的,是使弟子明了他对上师的绝对服从性,祷词诸如:“从现在起我就是你的神Vajrapani,你必须做我说的一切。你不得对我不尊敬,如果你这样做的话,那么你就死到临头了,你就会下地狱!”(参阅十四世达赖所写:The Kalachakra Tantra, Rite of initiation for the stage of generation, London 1985)
灌顶仪式的目的,就是使弟子得到一种超人的地位。弟子在仪式前就应表现出一种“神的尊严”,他要使自己变成一个空壳,以便“神的能量”能够进入他的躯体。
现在我们来看一个问题:上师是一个神灵,弟子也变成了一个神灵,那么他们之间这种“神与神”的关系是什么样的呢?可能有对抗性吗?不会的,因为上师和弟子体内的“神”是同一个。我们知道,喇嘛教“神灵”的特点,就是它可以同时在无数躯壳内出现。
另一方面,弟子体内的神不是由他创造出来的。正相反,弟子失去了他做为人的个性而成为一个“空壳”,这个“空壳”在灌顶仪式中被“神灵” (通过上师大喇嘛)占领。从此时起,弟子的个人灵魂消失了,取而代之的是神灵(上师大喇嘛),领着他的肉体游荡在这世界里。按照《时轮经》的说法这叫“吞食法”,上师和弟子必须在意念中完成以下的动作:大喇嘛(作为时间之神Kalachakra的代表)将萎缩成水滴大小的弟子吞下,弟子在大喇嘛的体内流转直至最后到达大喇嘛的下体顶端,大喇嘛将弟子射入时间女神(Vishvamata)的子宫,在时间女神的体内弟子化为“无有”。当弟子消失之后,他才能做为喇嘛教的“神灵”而再生。【参阅:注10.】上师大喇嘛在此既是时间之神Kalachakra也是时间女神Vishvamata,在他的体内展现着产生生命的程序:受精、怀孕、生产。在弟子的意念中,上师大喇嘛既是父也是母。通过这种方法,喇嘛教的“神灵”获得了永生。上师活着时,“神灵”在上师和弟子身上得到双重体现。上师死后,“神灵”存活在弟子身上,弟子变成了上师。只要世上还有人类存在、只要有人愿意将他的血肉之躯献出做为“神灵”的居住地,那个古老的“幽灵”就将一直游荡在这个世界上。
我们看到,喇嘛教的修练目的,不是发扬个人的优秀质量,使其高尚成神,而是摧毁人的所有个性,使其成为一个空的躯壳,再由那古老经文里的幽灵来占据。
这里再给大家介绍一个弟子自我牺牲的仪式(Choed):在此仪式里,弟子将自己的身体献给女魔吃掉以达到“涅盘”。此仪式通常在坟地或天葬台举行:漆黑的午夜时分,吃人肉的女魔们来到弟子身旁,将他的皮肉一块块撕下来,直到骨头,再将骨头咀嚼咬碎,舔食骨髓。此仪式上,弟子“死去”,他从人世间解放出来,而达到了“大澈大悟”。这个“被食”的过程虽然只是象征性的,但在弟子的意念中须犹如真实感受到。作为被“吃”的人,常常挺不住此仪式。Alexandra David Neel在她的西藏旅行中遇到幽灵般的、被所有人都躲避的人物,这就是在自我牺牲仪式中变疯了的弟子。所以喇嘛教中又有将此仪式改变成:弟子在被吃的过程中,在意念中离开自己的身体,将自己也变成女魔,再回头去参与吃自己的躯体。“在你的意念进入女神之后,你看见你以往的躯体是倒在地上的死尸;现在你是女神,举起刀将那头颅从眉部切开…。”这样弟子就主动地参与毁灭自我的仪式。
《时轮经》一共有十五级灌顶仪式,最低的七级是公开的。名称为:
1. 水灌顶;
2. 王冠灌顶;
3. 王冠带灌顶;
4. 金刚杵和铃铛灌顶;
5. 行为灌顶;
6. 名字灌顶;
7. 许可灌顶;
此七级灌顶代表由婴儿到成年的生长过程,作用是“净化”修练者。灌顶之前,弟子必须发誓对上师绝对服从。他必须在意念中将上师想象为时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata的混合。他被蒙着眼睛在意念中漫游一个三重坛城(Mandala),城中居住着四位冥想“佛”(Amithaba,Ratnasambhava,Amoghasiddhi,Vairochana)和他们的女伴。当他的蒙眼布被解开后,他将一朵花扔进彩沙堆成的坛城里;花落处的“佛”,就是弟子在灌顶仪式中用自己的意念所要再现的“神”。上师给弟子一个牙签,一条红带子,弟子将它打三个结系在上臂上。然后弟子领受睡眠指示,他入睡前必须一直念某一咒语,睡觉时朝右卧,面向坛城。第二天上师将分析他夜里的梦。有的梦是不好的征兆,比如梦到自己被鳄鱼吞食,因为鳄鱼是尘世(Samsara)的象征,所以弟子还没有完全脱尘。这时他就得长时间冥想,在意念里再现“空”的境界。
在七级仪式灌顶的最后,大喇嘛在意念中将弟子融化,再将时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata的混合光芒移入。在此一阶段的修练中,弟子要将自己的个性完全摧毁。他在冥想中反复地演习自我牺牲的仪式,直到他原来的思想、性格彻底消失。象征性的可以将此仪式总结为:“摧毁人道,建立神道。”
第一、第二两个灌顶仪式的意义是清洗躯体。水灌顶仪式象征着婴儿出生后的洗涤,大喇嘛在意念中将弟子再生(如上所描述)。最后他用贝壳接触弟子的“五处”:脑壳、肩、上臂、胯部、大腿;贝壳在这里代表水。王冠灌顶象征着婴儿第一次剪头发。第三灌顶中大喇嘛再将弟子吞食,然后将他以时间女神Vishvamata的形象生出;此仪式象征着儿童第一次穿耳空。第四灌顶象征着儿童学语,大喇嘛“清洗”弟子的“三脉”,弟子要求上师赠他金刚杵与铃铛,象征阳阴合体。第五灌顶中再次出现吞食场面,此仪式象征儿童取得感觉能力。大喇嘛用一个戒指接触弟子的“五处”。第六灌顶中弟子得到一个神秘的教名,通常就是他所要转化的“神”的隐名。大喇嘛此时宣称,弟子将以“佛”的形像出现在未来。弟子在此仪式中象征性地得到了“运作能力”。第五第六灌顶是所谓的灵魂洗涤。第七灌顶象征着儿童上第一堂课,大喇嘛再次吞食弟子,并将他作为时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata交合形像所生处。大喇嘛将以下物件交给弟子:金刚杵、铃铛、宝石、匕首、莲花和* *。大喇嘛口念一长串咒语,咒语具有开启弟子心门的作用。大喇嘛用金勺取一济“开眼药”给弟子服下,然后再赠给他一封印,象征着镜中世界,尘世的虚幻。再给弟子弓与箭,以提高定力。此仪式中的重要意义是金刚杵的交接,大喇嘛口称:“金刚的本质是最高智慧和最大快乐的源泉。手持金刚杵将带来最高的金刚本质,这就是方法(Uppaya)。”弟子此时右手持金刚杵,左手持铃铛,交叉在胸前,象征他的雄雌同体,通过雄性的“方法”(Uppaya)控制雌性的智慧(Prajna)。这时低层的七级灌顶就结束了,弟子此时取得了传播教义的权力和义务,大喇嘛对他唤道:“转动* *,拯救天下受苦的生灵!”
《时轮经》的灌顶并代表着喇嘛教内部的等级。每一个受过灌顶的喇嘛,都是时间之神的一部分,受过灌顶的层次越高,权力就越大。站在同一灌顶层上的修练者,他们的灵魂是同一的;相对于高层的修练者,他们是高层者的一部分;高层者包含低层者,他们之间的等级分明。整个《时轮经》系统就像一个巨大的金字塔形组织,低一层是高一层延长的手,最终的权力,集中在塔尖者手中。
低层的七级灌顶只是一个开始,下篇我将介绍秘密的高层灌顶。
西藏文化谈(十一):时轮大法(KalachakraTantra)四级秘密灌顶
  
七级低层灌顶的目的是“清洁”修练者,又称“产生境界”。现在我要说的四级秘密灌顶是所谓的“完成境界”,它们是:8. 花瓶灌顶;9. 秘密灌顶;10. 智慧灌顶;11. 词语灌顶;此阶段的灌顶只有极少数的精英在极为保密的情况下才能传授。此阶段的灌顶仪式中必须有一年轻女子参加,她的年纪必须是10、12、16或20岁。如果没有“智慧女”参加,则修练者不可能达到“大澈大悟”。修练者与智慧女的性交合,是此灌顶仪式的核心内容。《时轮经》正文明白无误地说明了这一点:“超自然的神力不是来自冥想或口念真言,也不是来自坛城和宝座,也不是来自化念佛祖,而是来自智慧女。” 【参照:注7.】、 (参阅Albert Gruenwedel: Kalachakra Tantra Raja, Der Koenig der Magie des Zeitrades, in Sanskrit und Tibetisch hrsg. und mit deutscher Analyse und Wortindex versehen)
在《时轮经》的秘密灌顶仪式中,修练者必须吃五肉(狗肉、人肉…等),喝五露(人血、精液、经血…等)【参照:注11.】。但喇嘛教给外人看的解释是这样描述的:大喇嘛在弟子的眼前举起一个花瓶,花瓶内装着白色液体。但实际上的过程却是这样的:弟子献给大喇嘛一个十二岁的、“无瑕的”女子,然后他请求灌顶并给大喇嘛唱一首赞歌。大喇嘛解去智慧女的衣物,抚摸她的乳房,然后大喇嘛要求弟子抚摸智慧女的乳房【参照:注12.】。花瓶或罐子是喇嘛教中的“乳房”的隐语。(参阅Lharampa Ngawang Dhargyey: A commentary on the Kalachakra Tantra, New Delhi 1985)
按照喇嘛教的说法,在看到裸体的智慧女后,弟子的精液从脑腔中流出,往下直至下体。此时他决不可以射精,那么他就完成了第八级灌顶。【参照:注8.】
第九级灌顶按照隐语的描绘是这样的:弟子蒙着眼,大喇嘛结合阴阳,将茶和酸奶混合的“仙露”给弟子尝,使他体会极乐。但实际的景象却是:弟子献给大喇嘛贵重的衣物等贡献品,然后他敬献给大喇嘛一个年幼苗条的智慧女;大喇嘛令弟子蒙上眼睛,然后吃喇嘛教的“食品”。大喇嘛为智慧女唱赞歌,对她膜拜,崇拜她为女神,然后和她交合。此一次大喇嘛射精,然后将“红白混合的仙露”用一根象牙勺刮出,装在人头骨(Kapala、卡巴拉)里。此时大喇嘛令弟子到面前来,揭开蒙眼之物,用手指沾“仙露”画在弟子的舌头上,说:“按照所有“佛祖”的教导,这就是你的圣餐!”弟子喜悦地答道:“今天我成功地诞生了,今天我的生命多富饶!今天我生在“佛祖”之家,现在我是“佛祖”的儿子!”此仪式表示弟子通过享受男精与女精的混合而达到了雄雌同体的地位。【参照:注13.】、 (参阅David Snellgrove: Indo-Tibetan Buddhism,Indian Buddhist and their Tibetan Successors, Boston 1987)
此仪式还有另一说法:弟子意念大师的“金刚”于自己的嘴中,品尝大师白色的Bodhicitta。白色的Bodhicitta下降到弟子的心轮部,产生极乐的感觉…。此灌顶之所以叫秘密灌顶是因为弟子参享了上师的秘密(白色的Bodhicitta)。白色的Bodhicitta就是精液,在此仪式中大喇嘛将自己沾着精液的**放入弟子的嘴中。【参照:注13.】、(参阅Lharampa Ngawang Dhargyey: A commentary on the Kalachakra Tantra, New Delhi 1985)
在第十级的所谓智慧灌顶中,弟子将受到更大诱惑的挑战,“他必须看智慧女张开的双腿间,他心中腾飞着性的火焰,转化为极乐的感觉。”然后大喇嘛将智慧女回送给弟子,并说:“噢!“大澈大悟”者,取此智慧女吧!让她给你带来欢乐!”要求弟子与智慧女交合,于是两者行所谓的Yuganaddha,弟子此时绝不可以射精。弟子与智能女有如下的对话:智慧女问:“我之爱,你喜欢吃我的粪便和尿液吗?你能舔尽我**内的血迹吗?”弟子答:“为什么我不爱呢?噢!母亲,我要膜拜妇人,直到我大澈大悟…。”(参阅Dalai Lama I:selected works, Bridging the sutras and the Tantras, Ithaca 1985)
第十一级灌顶是在意念中进行的,此中牵涉到喇嘛对人体的学说太多,而此方面介绍起来篇幅太巨大,故此略去。
在下一篇里我将介绍《时轮经》最高的四级秘密灌顶。
西藏文化谈(十二):时轮大法(KalachakraTantra)四级最秘密灌顶
  
《时轮经》第十二到第十五级灌顶,是最高也是最秘密的灌顶仪式。这四级灌顶是“四级秘密灌顶”(8-11级)的重复,所以它们有着同样的名字:12. 花瓶灌顶;13. 秘密灌顶;14. 智慧灌顶;15. 词语灌顶;
不同之处在于,此四级最秘密灌顶中必须有十名智慧女参加。而这十名智慧女全部都必须由弟子献给上师大喇嘛。但对于喇嘛和俗家人有不同的规定:如果弟子是俗家人,则此十名智慧女都必须是弟子的亲属(母亲、妻子、女儿、嫂子等等)。如果弟子是喇嘛,按道理应同样规定十名智慧女都必须是弟子的亲属,但由于喇嘛无家,所以他就可以买十个社会底层的女子来作智慧女,在仪式中这些智慧女以喇嘛的母亲、妻子、女儿、侄女等名义出现。我们看到,这一规定极可能是将俗家人排除在高层灌顶之外。【参照:注5.】
当弟子将十名智慧女献给上师大喇嘛之后,大喇嘛将一个智慧女回送给弟子作为“妻子”【参照:注14.】。这时另外九个智能女在仪式上是弟子的亲属,大喇嘛从其中选一个出来,她必须在12岁到20岁之间,已经来过经血,在仪式中她的称号是Shabdavajra。大喇嘛首先抚摸Shabdavajra的首饰,然后将她的衣服脱去并拥抱她。此时其余的十人则成环形围绕站立,每个人的位置都有代表星体之象征。他们裸体披发,九个智慧女都一手持死人骷髅头骨,一手持刀斧。大喇嘛此时站立在圈(Chakra)中,先做一仪式舞蹈,然后与Shabdavajra交合。完后与第九级灌顶中一样,大喇嘛将自己沾着精液的**放入弟子的嘴中【参照:注13.】。然后大喇嘛令弟子与Shabdavajra行法。这就是第十二级灌顶仪式。【参照:注14.】
在第十三级灌顶仪式中大喇嘛取弟子的“妻子”,将自己的* *放入她口中,弟子蒙眼站立一旁。大喇嘛吸吮她的Naranasika,Naranasika就是阴蒂。然后大喇嘛将自己的智慧女(象征大喇嘛的妻子)交给弟子。【参照:注14.】
在第十四级灌顶仪式中,弟子首先和喇嘛赠与他的智慧女交合;然后他必须和每一个智慧女交合,每二十四分钟换一个,从午夜直到太阳升起。不同于大喇嘛,弟子在交合中必须闭精,如果他做不到,他就得下地狱。但还有一个挽救的办法,他必须用舌头将洒出的精液收集起来。【参照:注9.】
第十五级灌顶仪式是“最高的完成境界”,弟子在前三次灌顶中吸取了“阴精”,达到了极乐的境界。此时他已经有了“大法王”的地位,这是由于在仪式中他体内能量的变换而达到的。
仪式完成后,地位低的智慧女得到一件衣服,地位高的智慧女得到一件衣服和一条裙子。按照规定,智慧女可得到花果和一条哈达作为纪念。
这最秘密的四级灌顶有个名称,叫做“Ganachakra”,它是《时轮经》最秘密的部份。其它的经文也有相应的部份。Ganachakra应该在什么地方举行?按照西藏历史学家Buston的建议:“自己家中一个隐蔽的、废弃的房间、或者山上、洞穴中、荆棘深处的一个地方、大湖的岸上、焚尸场。”不适合的地方是:“贵族的起居室、国王的宫殿、寺院的花园。”按照Hevajra Tantra经文中对Ganachakra的要求:“典礼必须在坟场、深山里或废墟地举行,总之要在人迹罕至的地方。要用人尸块、虎皮、坟场的破布等做成九个座位。大法师在中间,智慧女环绕着他。”大喇嘛和他的智慧女形成一个活的坛城(Mandala)。智慧女的数目根据经文的不同而有异,少至八个,多达六十四个。后一个数字在现代人士看起来有点不切实际,但我们应该知道,以往的确有国王修练这些经文。仪式间的食品除了“五肉”“五露”外,《时轮经》还推荐:“唾液、鼻涕、眼泪、粪便、尿、人脂肪、骨髓、肝、胆、血、人皮、肠子。” 【参阅:注11.】最好的人肉来源是所谓的“七生者”,就是一个连续转世七次的人,有着优良的质量:语音优美、眼睛漂亮、身体光洁、有七个影子、他有着大慈大悲的心灵;吃这样一个人的肉会有魔术般的效果。密宗的修练者应该对这样一个七生者膜拜,献给他花朵,然后要求他拯救天下痛苦的生灵,七生者就会毫不犹豫地牺牲自己的生命。他的肉就可以被制成药丸,吃此药丸可以掌握“腾空术”。这样的药丸在今天的确仍有买卖,最具有魔力的是这位圣人心脏内的血和他的头颅骨。
参考书籍:Farrow and Menon: The concealed Essence of the Hevajra Tantra with
the commentary Yogaratnamala, Delhi 1992
Albert Gruenwedel: Kalachakra Tantra Raja, Der Koenig der Magie des
Zeitrades, in Sanskrit und Tibetisch hrsg. und mit deutscher Analyse und
Wortindex versehen
Adelheid Herrmann-Pfand: Dakinis, Zur Stellung und Symbolik des
Weiblichen im Tantrischen Buddhismus, Bonn 1992
Victor Trimondi: Der Schatten des Dalai Lama, Duesseldorf 1999

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4b53aa6d01008uy2.html

http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4b53aa6d01008uy2.html

ZT:耶律大石——西藏文化谈(五) (2008-03-21 12:10:03)
var $tag='宗教,喇嘛教,大喇嘛,十四世达赖,坛城';
var $tag_code='d2900549370a4d6729a73d6148eac375';

标签:宗教 喇嘛教 大喇嘛 十四世达赖 坛城

主  题:西藏文化谈(十六):坛城(Mandala)的原则

喇嘛教中的宇宙(Chakravala)有着一个坛城的形象。Mandala这个词在梵文中是“圆圈”的意思,藏语中称为kyl-khor,意思是“中心和边缘”,宇宙的中心就是神山Meru,边缘是一个巨大的铁轮。坛城有圆的,方的,有二维的也有三维的,但无论如何,“中心和边缘”的原则一定存在。方形坛城的四面代表着东南西北四个方向。由中心和四方组成的坛城是一个汇集能量的地方。坛城是所谓“治”的象征,“治”的反面就是“乱”。恶劣的天气,身体的疾病,荒凉的土地,野蛮民族,异教徒之国,这些都是“乱”。通过建立一个坛城可以变“乱”为“治”,也就是说,可以使风雪变晴天,可以治愈疾病,也可以占领一个“乱”的国土,使野蛮民族变成信仰喇嘛教的顺民。所以一个坛城可以表示几乎所有真实的或意念中之物:人的躯体,一个寺庙,一座王宫,一座城市,一片大陆,一个念头,一个幻景,一个政治结构。按照此一信仰,世界上每一个事物都是根据一个坛城形象的原始结构而塑造成的,此结构人之肉眼看不到。比如说西藏就是一个坛城形象,以拉萨为中心,雪山环绕四周。同样拉萨也是一个坛城,以大昭寺为中心。而大昭寺自己又是一个坛城,以主祭坛为中心。西藏的政治结构也是一个坛城,以达赖喇嘛为中心,其他大喇嘛环绕四周。坛城是喇嘛教修练者不可少的工具,它蕴涵着世界的所有原理。坛城也是做法的工具,用以呼唤鬼神。在这里我想具体地讲解一下《时轮经》的坛城,以便理解。每个密宗经文的仪式上都有坛城,《时轮经》的坛城在复杂性和象征意义上超过其它经文,可以说是喇嘛教坛城法术的顶峰。在《时轮经》的下七层灌顶仪式之前,必须造一个极其复杂的坛城。建造坛城的人是专职的喇嘛,达赖喇嘛身边的Namgyal学院就是专司此职的机构。建筑材料基本上是彩砂,专职的喇嘛在几天时间里,将沙子堆到画好的草图上,这里的每一条线,每一个图形,每一个颜色都是有象征意义的,都是经文上规定死的。此坛城的形象和意念中神山MERU顶上的宫殿相吻合,坛城的中心是时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata的神殿。总共有722位神居于此坛城中,它们大多数是和时间有关的神,如季节之神,月份之神等等,其它还有元素之神,感觉之神,星座等。在中心的附近,时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata的旁边,是四冥想佛和它们的女伴,然后是众菩萨。整个《时轮经》坛城由五重坛城组成,越中心神力越大,它的整体结构是按照喇嘛教的宇宙观念组建的,它就是宇宙的缩影。另一方面,坛城的整体结构和喇嘛教的人体结构也是相同的,它就是主持仪式的大喇嘛的神秘躯体。坛城的最中心是时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata,其它所有的神都是此一对的放射化身。一个蓝色的金刚(Vajra)代表Kalachakra,旁边一个橙色的圆点代表Vishvamata,此二标志之下是一层黄色的沙,代表末日之火Kalagni,再下是一层蓝色的沙,代表末日之星Rahu(就是吞食日月的罗瘊星),再下还有三层沙分别代表日,月和莲花。Kalachakra和Vishvamata的周围是八个彩色的莲花,它们代表《时轮经》秘密灌顶中的“智慧女”,加上Kalachakra和Vishvamata身下最底层的莲花和Vishvamata本身,一共是十名“智慧女”。这就是《时轮经》最深一重坛城,它的名字叫做“极乐坛城”。从最深往外走,这层叫“大澈大悟的智慧坛城”。这里有十六根柱子,将此重坛城分为十六个房间,它们象征“空”的不同阶段。在此重坛城里放有十个花瓶,里面装有喇嘛教的特殊物质(我就不一一数了),此十个花瓶也象征着秘密灌顶中的十个“智慧女”,它在另一方面也象征者人体内的“十风”(Dasakaro Vasi)。再往外走到达“大澈大悟的知觉坛城”。这里居住着佛和女伴。东方是Amoghasiddhi 和Locana;南方是Ratnasambhava 和Mamaki;北方是Amithaba 和Pandava;西方是Vairocana 和Tara;这些佛和女伴都以交合姿势在坛城中。再往外走到达“大澈大悟的语言坛城”。这里有八个莲花,每个莲花有八瓣,它的象征意义和最中心的坛城相近。再往外走到达“躯体坛城”。这里有每天之神,共360个,在12个莲花上呈交合姿势。此五重坛城之外有六个圈,第一个圈内画著许多法宝的图案,如法轮,宝石,魔镜等等;其后的五个圈象征五元素:土,水,火,风,空间。第三和第四圈内是坟墓,以轮形为象征,这里住着恶女魔和她们的同伴。第五圈是一个金刚练,第六圈是一火圈,象征著末日之火。如上所说,此图案复杂的坛城由数名专职喇嘛建成,主持仪式的大喇嘛并不一定参加建造。但在建造前主持仪式的大喇嘛必须念咒:“噢,战无不胜的智慧之神Kalachakra,我给你鞠躬,大慈大悲的Kalachakra。我以爱心与慈悲为我的弟子做此坛城以作为对你的尊敬和祭礼,噢,仁慈的Kalachakra,请来我的身旁。我作为大喇嘛,做此坛城以清洗所有生灵的罪孽,所以请你协助我和我的弟子,在此坛城中显灵吧。”然后喇嘛们检查场地,这就是所谓的“清场”,除了念经念咒以外,还有一下这个重要仪式:如果坛城建在一个非喇嘛教的领地,喇嘛就必须先降服,毁灭本地非喇嘛教的神灵。一个喇嘛在意念中将自己化成恶魔Vajravega(也是Kalachakra的一个化身)。Vajravega是蓝色的,有三个脖子二十四只手,围着一条虎皮裙,身上装饰着毒蛇和死人骨,在它黑暗的心里住着六十个凶神恶煞,当它一声令下,这些魔鬼就从它的耳中,鼻孔中,眼睛中,嘴中,尿道中,肛门中风涌而出。在喇嘛的意念中,这些恶魔将当地非喇嘛教的神灵抓起来,用铁钩钩着,用铁链拴着拉到场地上来,然后用十只法术匕首(Phurbu)将这些异教的神钉死在地上。此时主持仪式的大喇嘛欢快地按顺时针方向绕场地转,同时遍撒一些物品和法水,参加仪式的其他喇嘛在意念中将场地想象成布满金(Vajra)。然后主持仪式的大喇嘛走到场地中心坐下,面向东方,骄傲地宣布:“我将在此地造一个和我想象中一样的坛城!”这就是占领土地的仪式。主持仪式的大喇嘛此时再次呼唤Vajravega,再一次清场,这时大喇嘛身上充满了唳杀之气,甚至从他的脚底板里也冒出恶鬼来。场地上已经满是保护坛城的喇嘛教的凶神恶煞。这之后大喇嘛将不同的法器放在场地上。
上面曾提起过十个花瓶,此象征着十智慧女的牺牲,由喇嘛高举着,欢快地围法桌转动。整个坛城就将建在此法桌上。这时法桌上放着一个海螺,它象征著时间女神Vishvamata,十个被牺牲的智慧女的能量将汇入Vishvamata身上。这是大喇嘛手持一金色的金刚,金刚上拴著一条线,线的另一端摆在大喇嘛的心口,大喇嘛将金刚用力点在海螺之上,象征阳胜阴。之后有“拉线”仪式,喇嘛们拉五色之线,象征五佛进据此土。经过长时间的念经念咒,画坛城的工作正式开始,由中心向外围,五天时间完成。完成以后喇嘛们围着坛城跳仪式舞蹈,此舞就叫做“牺牲女人之舞”。坛城在《时轮经》的下七级灌顶仪式中有重要作用,弟子必须在意念中按照坛城的指引塑造神的宫殿,他也必须在意念中塑造几百位神的形象。此意念修练和坛城的建造一样,由中心向边缘,这就是说,弟子首先在意念中塑造时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata的交合形象,然后一步步向外,所有其它神都是此原始一对神的光芒辐射。弟子意念最后到达最外圈的世界末日之火。在此过程中有一个奇怪的部分:在弟子意念塑造神殿的过程中,他突然想象从自己心中蹦出恶神Vajravega,Vajravega跳起来用长矛刺入时间之神Kalachakra的肚脐,然后将Kalachakra拉到弟子面前,消失入弟子心中。此一运作象征罗瘊星吞日月,时间消失,修练者成为宇宙之主。灌顶仪式结束后,大喇嘛口念咒语,围坛城转,用手从坛城的不同部分取出几颗沙粒,放入一盘中,此象征他将居住坛城的众神取出并溶入自己心中,这样他就吸取了漫长仪式中汇集的巨大能量。然后大喇嘛手持金刚杵,将坛城毁灭。众喇嘛将余沙装入花瓶,在一片咒语中将花瓶抬到一条河边,将沙倾入河中,作为给蛇神(Naga)的礼物。整个仪式到此并未完结,大喇嘛返回场地,将坛城留下的痕迹全数清除,再将钉在地上的十只匕首取出。坐在清扫过的场地上,大喇嘛面向东方,一手持金刚杵,一手持铃铛,他现在是两性之主,时间之主,宇宙之主。同时通过此仪式他又占领了一块异教之地。
对毁灭坛城的(掩盖性的)庸俗解释是:为了表现尘世的虚幻(空)。这种说法对于密宗的法术毫不明了。被毁灭的只是外在的坛城,而在喇嘛的意念中,通过此修练已使其吸取了更多的能量,占领了更多的地方。意念中的坛城是越来越坚固了。这就是西藏喇嘛为什么在世界各地尽可能地多举行此仪式的原因。下一篇里我将介绍十四世达赖所主持的《时轮经》灌顶仪式。

-------------------主  题:西藏文化谈(十七):十四世达赖的《时轮经》修练
达赖喇嘛是《时轮经》的最高法师,他就是时间之神Kalachakra与时间女神Vishvamata阳阴合一的化身。通过前几篇的介绍,我们现在理解《时轮经》修练的最终目的就是要产生一个最高佛(ADI BUDDHA),在世界范围内建立喇嘛教的绝对统治,以世界末日之战毁灭敌人。在此意义上我们来考查十四世达赖的《时轮经》活动。我们知道《时轮经》高层的八级灌顶是喇嘛教中极深的秘密,它们的举行是从来不对外界透露的。另一方面,低层的七级灌顶则象一出大戏一般,由西藏喇嘛在世界各地大鸣大放地演出。据流亡藏人(以及西方喇嘛教信徒)的官方说法,《时轮经》灌顶仪式有“产生世界和平”的能力,所以要“尽可能多地举行”。不管作为一个现代人对此种仪式的看法如何,喇嘛教内部对此法术的威力是深信不疑的,我们来看十四世达赖自己怎么说:“我在Bodhgaya, Ladakh, Lahoul-Spiti, Arunachal Pradesh主持举行了《时轮经》灌顶仪式,在这些聚会里我感觉到西藏众神的群体存在,我感觉到他们来参加了仪式。”(来源 十四世达赖自述 Sehnsucht nach dem WesentlichenISBN 3-7701-2734-X, Freiburg)1953年,十四世达赖第一次接受《时轮经》灌顶,主持大喇嘛是 Ling Rinpoche,他受到第几级的灌顶?这是个秘密。此仪式使十四世达赖受到很大冲击(生理上和心理上),他立即坐关一个月。他从此认为《时轮经》极乐境界,决心要比他任何一个“前任”都更多地主持举行《时轮经》灌顶。1954年,十四世达赖第一次主持《时轮经》灌顶
,根据他自己的透露,是应“一群俗家女性”的要求举行此仪式的。如果大家了解那个年代西藏的社会状况,不知道什么样的“俗家女性”能够接近年轻的“活佛”,并且可以向他提出宗教上如此意义重大的要求?1956年和1957年十四世达赖再次在拉萨主持《时轮经》灌顶,1970年他主持了离开西藏以后的第一次《时轮经》灌顶,据他自称在此前他有一个梦:“当我醒来时,我知道,我将在未来尽可能地多举行此仪式,在我的前生我和《时轮经》有紧密的关系,这是缘份。”1981年夏天,就是藏历铁鸟(Geruda)年,十四世达赖第一次在亚洲之外公开举行《时轮经》灌顶仪式。此次行动的时间,地点(Wiscosin USA)是根据喇嘛教的始祖莲花生(Padmasambhava)当年的预测而定的,莲花生在八世纪的预测:“当铁鸟飞起,马儿在轮子上滚动,佛教将进入红人之国。”据说在仪式当中有一只鹰抓着蛇在天空中飞过,参加仪式的人们认出它就是神鸟Geruda,阳性战胜阴性(蛇)的象征。此景被喇嘛教人士看做是喇嘛教将占领西方的吉兆。这次在威斯康辛举行的灌顶仪式大约有一千二百人参加。1985年《时轮经》灌顶仪式第一次在欧洲举行(瑞士),此次的参加人数达到六千。而在同一年于印度Bodhgaya举行的《时
轮经》灌顶仪式共有三十万人参加。如此一场大戏被流亡藏人称为“本世纪最大的佛教盛会”。(Tibetan Review, Januar 1986)许多藏人越过中印边界来参加,至少有五十人死在此仪式上。到现在为止,十四世达赖公开主持《时轮经》灌顶仪式不下二十五次,下面是仪式举行的时间地点:
1954年,拉萨;1956年,拉萨;1957年,拉萨;1970年,印度达兰萨拉(Dharamsala);1971年,印度Bylakuppee;1971年,印度Bodhgaya;1976年,印度拉达克列城(Ladakh Leh);1981年,美国威斯康辛;1983年,印度Derang;1983年,印度Lahoul&Spiti;1985年,瑞士Rikon;1985年,印度Bodhgaya;1988年,印度拉达克(Ladakh)Zanskar;1989年,美国洛杉矶;1990年,印度Sarnath;1991年,美国纽约;1992年,印度Kalpa;1993年,锡金甘托克(Sikkim Gangtok);1995年,印度Mundgod;1995年,蒙古乌兰巴托;1996年,澳大利亚悉尼;1996年,印度Tabo;1999年,美国Bloomington;
注:拉达克是克什米尔的一部分,现由印度占领。
《时轮经》灌顶仪式不仅是十四世达赖宗教修练的最核心,而且是他实施政治战略的最重要法术。

----------------主  题:西藏文化谈(十八):达赖喇嘛的守护神 Palden Lhamo

Palden Lhamo是西藏早期的女魔,后被密宗喇嘛降服,而服务于喇嘛教。她是达赖喇嘛的守护神,拉萨的守护神,整个西藏的守护神。五世达赖非常信仰Palden Lhamo,Palden Lhamo是他政治上的顾问。在长时间地念呼唤Palden Lhamo的咒语之后,五世达赖梦见“女神占领了整个中国”。那我们来看看喇嘛教唐卡上的Palden Lhamo是什么样子的:她有满嘴呲出的獠牙,凸出于眼眶的眼球,她的身体呈蓝黑色,骑在一匹非驴非马之怪物之上她的坐骑之下是一片血海,人头,断肢残臂,人内脏等漂浮在血海之上。她的马鞍是扒下的人皮做成,那张人皮不是别人的,就是Palden Lhamo的亲生儿子之皮,是Palden Lhamo亲手杀了他,扒了他的皮,因为他不肯听从她的命令,一起降服喇嘛教。Palden Lhamo的右手挥舞著一具儿童骷髅,那是她亲生子的尸骨,她的左手端着一个人头骨,饮其中盛着的人血。她的身上缠满了毒蛇。她的手下还有一大批同样品味的女魔,比如哲蚌寺的守护神Dorje Dragmogyel,我们来看哲蚌寺的喇嘛献给她的赞歌:“噢,战无不胜的Dorje Dragmogyel,当你向敌人冲去之时,你骑在一个闪电般的火球之上。从你口中喷出的火焰,犹如世界末日一般!你鼻孔中喷着浓烟,火柱跟在你身后。你集聚云湮于太空中,四面八方响彻霹雳与闪电。可怖的陨石和冰雹飞扑而下,大地沉沦在大火与汪洋之中。死亡之鸟云集飞舞,天空中挤满了妖魔恶兽。当你快乐时,将海洋击上天空;当你愤怒时,打掉太阳和月亮;当你大笑时,世界中心之山迸裂为尘土。你和你的夥伴,将战胜所有与佛教为敌,与僧侣为的人!保卫我们的寺庙,在这神圣的地方!一分一秒也不要等待,现在就去饮下敌人心中温热的血,闪电般地将他们毁灭!”(来源 Rene de Nebesky-Wojkowitz: Wo Berg Goetter sind, Drei jahre bei unerforschten Voelkern desHimalaya,
Stuttgart 1955)
按照喇嘛教的原则,恶魔被喇嘛降服之后就可以服务于喇嘛教,去攻打喇嘛教的敌人。恶魔的恶性在此时完全不需要改变,正相反,越恶的魔鬼对喇嘛教的用处越大。
作为一个现代人我们要问,这样的一个“神”,一个扒下自己儿子的皮以献给喇嘛教做祭礼的“神”,她的心理是怎样的?以这样的一个“神”作为守护神的民族,她的心理又是怎样的?
Palden Lhamo将一个母亲最珍贵的所有-孩子-献给了喇嘛教做牺牲,她得到了什么回报呢?喇嘛教应该给予她喇嘛教最高贵的祭品。我们知道,九世,十世,十一世,十二世四位达赖都在未成年的时候就死去了,也许是那些掌权者不愿交出权力?在旧西藏下毒是极普遍的杀人方法,藏人中甚至还有这样的信仰,即如果能将一个地位高的人毒死,地位高的人的荣耀特权都会转到下毒者身上。我们来看看历史记载吧,在拉萨东南一百多公里的地方有一座Palden Lhamo的庙,这种祭凶神的庙叫Ghokang,里面塞满了杀人武器和各种各样的风乾了的人体部份。有个规
定,每个达赖喇嘛都要来见Palden Lhamo,单独被关在此庙内过夜,上述的四位达赖在未成年的事候接受此仪式,他们出来以后不久就发疯而死。十二世达赖的命运特别悲惨,他最好的玩伴因为偷了布达拉宫里的东西被发现,逃跑时被抓住杀死,他的死尸被绑在马上(象活人一样坐着)带到十五岁的十二世达赖面前,砍下头,手,脚扔在地上。十二世达赖受到惊吓后不和任何人说话。但没过几天他就被要求去Palden Lhamo庙行见面仪式。十三世达赖来见Palden Lhamo时是二十五岁,他平安地度过了这次考验。十四世达赖有没有来见过Palden Lhamo?这是个
秘密。如果我们按照喇嘛教的神秘主义教义,这种对献给Palden Lhamo的牺牲将使她满足,并为喇嘛教效力,前世达赖喇嘛的牺牲,就是今日达赖喇嘛的福缘。

Saturday, October 18, 2008

http://www.tibet.com/buddhism/gelug.html

The Gelug Tradition The Kadampa tradition founded by Atisha was the direct source of inspiration for the development of the Gelug tradition founded by Je Tsongkhapa (1357-1419). He was born in the Tsongkha region of Amdo province. At the age of three he received full-fledged lay ordination from the Fourth Karmapa, Rolpey Dorjey, and the name Kunga Nyingpo. At the age of seven he received novice vows from his teacher, Chöjey Dhondup Rinchen, and was given the name Lobsang Drakpa. Even at this young age he had received many teachings and initiations of Heruka, Yamantaka and Hevajra, and could recite by heart texts like Expression of the Names of Manjushri.
Tsongkhapa travelled extensively in search of knowledge and studied with masters of all the existing traditions beginning with Chennga Chökyi Gyelpo, from whom he received teachings on topics such as the mind of enlightenment and the Great Seal (Mahamudra). He was taught the medical treatises by Könchok Kyab at Drikung. In Nyethang Dewachen he studied the Ornaments for clear Realisation and the Perfection of Wisdom and, excelling in debate, he became famous for his erudition. He also travelled to Sakya where he studied monastic discipline, phenomenology, valid cognition, the Middle Way and Guhyasamaja with lamas such as Kazhipa Losel and Rendawa. He also received transmissions of the Six Doctrines of Naropa. the Kalachakra. Mahamudra, the Path and Its Fruit, Chakrasamvara and numerous others and transmitted them to his disciples.
In addition to his studies and teachings he engaged in extensive meditation retreats. The longest, at Wolkha Cholung, lasted four years during which he was accompanied by eight close disciples. He is reputed to have performed millions of prostration's, mandala offerings and other forms of purification practice. Tsongkhapa frequently had visions of meditational deities and especially of Manjushri, with whom he could communicate to settle his questions about profound aspects of the teachings.
Tsongkhapa studied with more than a hundred teachers, practised extensively and taught thousands of disciples mainly in the central and eastern regions of Tibet. In addition he wrote a great deal. His collected works, comprising eighteen volumes, contain hundred of titles relating to all aspects of Buddhist teachings and clarify some of the most difficult topics of sutrayana and mantrayana teachings. Major works among them are: the Great Exposition of the Stages of the Path (Lam-rim chen-mo), the Great Exposition of Tantras (sNgag-rim chenmo), the Essence of Eloquence on the Interpretive and Definitive Teachings (Drnng-nges legs-bshad snying-po), the Praise of Relativity (rTen-'brel bstodpa), the Clear Exposition of the Five Stages of Guhyasamaja (gSang-'dus rim-lnga gsal-sgron) and the Golden Rosary (gSer-phreng).Among his many main disciples, Gyeltsab Dharma Rinchen (1364-1432), Khedrub Geleg Pelsang (1385-1438), Gyalwa Gendun Drup (1391-1474), Jamyang Chöjey Tashi Pelden (1379-1449), Jamchen Chöjey Shakya Yeshe, Jey Sherab Sengey and Kunga Dhondup (1354-143S) arc some of the more significant.
Tsongkhapa finally passed away at the age of sixty on the twenty-fifth of the tenth Tibetan month, entrusting his throne in Ganden to Gyeltsabjey. So began a tradition which continues to the present day. The ninety-ninth successor to the Ganden throne, and thus the formal head of the Gelugpa, is Ven. Yeshi Dhondup.
Of the major Gelugpa monasteries in Tibet, Ganden Monastery was founded by Tsongkhapa himself in 1409 and was divided into two colleges, Shartsey and Jangtsey. Jamyang Chöje Tashi Pelden founded Drepung Monastery in 1416. At one time it had seven branches but these were later amalgated into four Loseling, Gomang, Deyang and Ngagpa. Of the, only two college. Drepung and Gomang have survived up to the present time. Another of Tsongkhapa's spiritual sons, Jamchen Chöjey Shakya Yeshi established Sera Monastery in 1419. This too initially had five colleges which were later amalgated into two-Sera-Jey and Sera-Mey. Similarly, Gyalwa Gendun Drup, the First Dalai Lama, founded Tashi Lhunpo Monastery at Shigatse in 1447, which was to become the seat of the successive Panchen Lamas. It originally had four colleges.
The Lower Tantric College, Gyumey, was established by Jey Sherab Sengey in 1440, and the Upper Tantric College Gyutö by Gyuchen Kunga Dhondup in 1474. At their peak there were more than five thousand monks in each of the monastic universities around Lhasa, Ganden, Drepung and Sera, while there were at least five hundred in each tantric college. Young men would travel from all three regions of Tibet to enroll at these monastic universities as monks in order to receive an education and spiritual training. The Gelug tradition lays special emphasis on the place of ethics, as expressed through monastic discipline, as the ideal basis for religious education and practice. Consequently, the great majority of Gelugpa lamas are monks and the master who is a layman is a rarity. In addition, the Gelug tradition regards sound scholarship as a prerequisite for constructive meditation, hence, the teachings of both sutra and tantra are subject to rigorous analysis through the medium of dialectical debate.
In general, the curriculum of study covers the five major topics-the perfection of wisdom, philosophy of the Middle Way, valid cognition, phenomenology and monastic discipline. These five are studied meticulously by the dialectical method using Indian texts as well as Indian and Tibetan commentaries to them, often textbooks unique to each monastic tradition, for a period of fifteen to twenty years. On completing this training, a monk is awarded one of three levels of the degree of Geshey (Doctorate of Buddhist Philosophy), Dorampa, Tsogrampa and Lharampa, of which the highest is the Geshey Lharampa degree.
Subsequently, if he so wishes the Geshey may join one of the tantric colleges to study the tantras and so complete his formal studies, or he may return to his local monastery to teach, or retire into seclusion to engage in intensive meditation. A monk who has completed a Geshey's training is respected as being a fully qualified and authoritative spiritual master worthy of devotion and esteem.
This tradition remains dynamic even after coming into exile. The major Gelug monasteries, Sera, Drepung, Ganden, and Tashi Lhunpo monasteries and Gyumey Tantric College have been re-established in various Tibetan settlements in Karnataka, and Gyutö Tantric College has been re-established in Bomdila, Arunachal Pradesh, all in India.

http://www.tibet.com/buddhism/kagyu.html

The Kagyu Tradition The lineages of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism derive primarily from two sources: Marpa Chökyi Lodoe (1012-1099) and Khyungpo Nyaljor (978-1079). The former was trained as a translator by Drogmi Yeshe (993-1050), and then travelled three times to India and four times to Nepal in search of religious teachings. He studied at the feet of one hundred and eight spiritual masters and adepts, principally Naropa and Maitripa. Marpa received the lineage of tantric teachings called the Four Commissioned Lineages (bK'n-babs-bzhi) - concerning the Illusory Body and Consciousness Transference, Dreams, Clear Light, and Inner Heat directly from Naropa (1016-1100), who had been given them by his teacher Tilopa (988-1069). Their original source was Buddha Vajradhara.
Marpa brought these lineages to Tibet, passing them on to his foremost disciple Milarepa (1040-1123), the most celebrated and accomplished of Tibet's tantric yogis, who achieved the ultimate goal of enlightenment in one lifetime. Milarepa was given responsibility for his meditation lineage and others such as Ngog Choku Dorjey, Tsurton Wangey and Meton Chenpo became holders of Marpa's teaching lineage. This is how the dual system of philosophical training (bShad-grva) and the meditation training (sGub-grva) are found established in Kagyu monasteries. Among Milarepa's disciples, Gampopa (1084-1161), also known as Dagpo Lhaje and Rechungpa (1084-1161) were the most illustrious. The former received the teaching and practice of the Great Seal (Mahamudrn) and the Six Yogas of Naropa from Milarepa and synthesised them into one lineage. The resultant combined lineage came to be known as Dakpo Kagyu, the mother lineage of the Kagyu tradition. Gampopa also pioneered a fusion of Milarepa's Mahamudra tradition with the stages of the path tradition of the Kadampa order. Gampopa's Jewel Ornaments of Liberation is prominent amongst the stages of the path literature of Tibet. The Kagyu Mahamudra lineage was later incorporated into the Gelug tradition by the First Panchen Lama, Lobsang Chökyi Gyeltsen (1570-1662) and is known as the Ganden-Kagyu Tradition of Mahamudra.
The Dakpo Kagyu tradition gave rise to four major schools founded by illustrious disciples of Gampopa. These are the Tselpa (Tshal-pa) Kagyu founded by Zhang Yudakpa Tsondu Dakpa (1123-1193), whose chief teacher was Wangom Tsultrim Nyingpo. He founded the Gungthang monastery and had many learned disciples. The Barom ('Ba-rom) Kagyu was founded by Barom Darma Wangchuk. He built Barom monastery, from which the tradition took its name. The Phagtru (`Phag-gru) Kagyu was founded by Phagmo Trupa Dorje Gyelpo (1110-1170). He was one of Gampopa's main disciples particularly noted for his realisation and transmission of the Mahamudra teachings. Many of his disciples attained high realisation, such as Taglung Thangpa, Kalden Yeshi, Ling Repa Pema Dorjey, Jigten Gonpo and Kher Gompa. Phagmo Trupa also built a monastery in the Phagmo locality which was later called Densa Thil. Many sub-schools grew from his lineage of disciples.
The Kamtsang or Karma Kagyu was founded by the first Karmapa, Dusum Khyenpa (1110-1193). This tradition has remained strong and successful due in large part to the presence of an unbroken line of reincarnations of the founder, the successive Karmapas. Famous among them were the Second Karmapa, Pakshi (1206-1282), the third Karmapa, Ranjung Dorjey (1284-1339) and the Eighth, Karmapa Mikyo Dorjey (1507-1554). The most recent incarnation was the Sixteenth Karmapa, Ranjung Rigpe Dorjey (1924-81), who in exile was also appointed bead of the whole Kagyu tradition. In Tibet, Tsurphu, located in Central Tibet was the main monastery of this tradition. After coming into exile, the tradition has re-established its headquarters and principal monastic university at Rumtek in Sikkim. It has also developed hundreds of centres throughout the world. In the present absence of the Gyalwa Karmapa's incarnation four high lamas who were his disciples are acting as regents. They are Shamar Rinpoche, Gyaltsab Rinpochey, Situ Rinpochey and Jamgon Kongtrul Rinpochey.
Eight sub-school developed within the Phagdu Kagyu. The Drikung ('Brigung) Kagyu, founded by Drikung Kyopa Jigten Gonpo (1143-1217) is presently headed by the 37th Successor, Drikung Kyabgon Che-Tsang (b. 1946), who resides at his monastery in Ladakh. The Taglung (sTag-lung) Kagyu, founded by Taglung Thangpa Tashe Pel (1142-1210). The present head of this school is Shabdrung Rinpochey, who now lives in Sikkim. The Drukpa('Brug pa) Kagyu founded by Choje Gyare Yeshe Dorjey also known as Ling Repa (1128-1189), is headed by the 12th Drukchen Rinpochey, who has re-established his monastery in Darjeeling, India.
Among the eight sub-schools only these three survive to the present day, with the Drukpa being numerically the largest, followed by Drikung. Unfortunately other subsects of Kagyu tradition such as Trophu (Khrophu) founded by Rinpochey Gyaltsa, a nephew of Phagmo Trupa, who built Trophu monastery; Martsang (sMar-tsang) founded by Marpa Rinchen Lodoe; Yelpa (Yel-pa) established by Yelpa Yeshe Tseg; the Shungseb (Shugs-gseb) started by Chökyi Sengey and Yamzang (gYa'abzang) Kagyu founded by Yeshi Senge have ceased to exist, at least as separate institutions. Although a few lamas of the other major Kagyu traditions may still maintain some of their teaching lineages.
The Shangpa Kagyu, one of the two original forms of the Kagyu tradition, was founded by the great adept, Khyungpo Nyaljor (978-1079). Dissatisfied with his training in Bön and Dzogchen practices, Khyungpo Nyaljor left for Nepal where he met Acharya Sumati. From him he received training as a translator and travelled on to India. After having received teachings from one hundred and fifty scholar-adepts he is said to have mastered the entire exoteric and esoteric doctrine as well as meditation on it. His principal teachers include Sukhasiddha, Rahulagupta and Niguma, the consort of Naropa. Besides receiving practical guidance from masters in human form, he also received transmissions from the Dakinis (celestial beings). After returning to Tibet, he received the vows of a monk from the Kadampa master Langri Thangpa.
In accordance with the prophecies of the Dakinis, he established the Shang-Shong monastery at Yeru Shang, in central Tibet. As a result the tradition he founded came to be known as the Shangpa Kagyu. Later, he is said to have established further branch monasteries also. In early times, there were more than a hundred monasteries belonging to this tradition in Tibet. Amongst his followers, Mehu Tonpa, Mogchogpa and Shang Gomcho Sengey are some of the most famous. Amongst the later lineage, it was Tsurton Wangi Dorje, from whom Buton Rinchen Drup obtained the lineage of the Guhyasamaja tantra which was subsequently passed down to Tsongkhapa.
The Shangpa Kagyu main practices concerned Mahakala, Chakrasambhava, Hevajra, Mahamaya, Guhyasamaja, the Six Doctrines of Niguma, Mahamudra, and others. The principal contemporary exponent of this tradition was the late Kalu Rinpoche (1905-1989), one of the leading Kagyu meditation masters of this century. It should be noted that while there are many sub-schools within Kagyupas, the fundamental principles of their doctrine are rooted in Mahamudra and the Six Yogas of Naropa. The different schools have arisen only due to slightly different individual approaches to the fundamental teachings.
Mahamudra, the unique feature of Kagyu tradition, can be explained according to interpretations of sutra and tantra. Both aspects of the teachings are aimed at direct understanding of the real nature of the mind. The approach to Mahamudra, which differs slightly within each Kagyu school, generally follows through the stages of foundation, path and fruit. Tantric practices unique to Kagyu tradition are the Six Yogas of Naropa, Cakrasambhava and Mahakala. In the context of tantric practice, the application of Mahamudra becomes much more profound and sophisticated.
The training of monks in Kagyu monasteries consists mainly of the study of the Perfection of Wisdom, Madhyamika, Valid Cognition, Discipline and Phenomenology common to all traditions, except that each tradition has its own monastic texts and commentaries to facilitate understanding of the original Indian texts.
The present head of the Karma Kagyu tradition is H.H. XVII Gyalwa Karmapa Ogyen Drodul Trinley Dorje